CORPUS CHRISTI, TX (Catholic Online) - The budding Christian Church found itself in historically unenviable circumstances, though we may believe it was all providentially the fullness of time.  Nevertheless, the young Church was persecuted by the Jewish religious authorities, including at one time its greatest advocate, St. Paul.  More significant perhaps were the threats that the infant Christian community presented to the Roman Empire, its allegedly "divine" emperor, and his false pretensions to divinity.
To be sure, the Christian Gospel was revolutionary in a manner of speaking, particularly in its central doctrines--the Incarnation, the Crucifixion, the Redemption, the Resurrection, to name a few.  These were a stumbling block to the Jews, and foolishness to the Gentiles. (1 Cor. 1:23)

Some of its practices, particularly some of its moral doctrines, were equally revolutionary.  Perhaps this is best described by Tertullian in his Apologeticum: "All things are common among us but our wives."  The early Church had a countercultural notion of marriage and sexual morality.  It also had a countercultural notion of solidarity, of community. With respect to private property it had what the Compendium has called the "universal destination" of goods. (Compendium, No. 178)

But these sorts of things would not have raised the ire of Caesar.  What was really revolutionary, and what turned Caesar against her, was the Church's notion of political power.  When it came to civil authorities, the early Christian Church lived out the notion of the two kingdoms taught by Christ.  Christ was her ruler, but she rendered those things to Caesar that were Caesar's. (Mark 12:17) 

However, the Church rendered to Caesar not those things Caesar demanded, but only those things that were, in fact, Caesar's.  And the Church, not Caesar, was the one who defined those limits. 

We find here the seeds of persecution, inasmuch as the imperial Caesar resisted any limits on his power, especially limits imposed by what he viewed as an upstart Church.  The "divine" Caesar would grow to hate the religion brought by the "Pale Galilean" whom he failed to recognize as divine.  It was, in fact, a clash of divinities, with a political idol on one side and the Word of God on the other.

Nevertheless, the "party line" in the Church was submission to properly constituted authority.  Not passive submission, and certainly not unthinking submission, but submission "'for the sake of conscience' (Rom.13:5) to legitimate authority," inasmuch as this was seen as responding "to the order established by God." (Compendium, No. 380)

If Ephesians Chapters 5 and 6 contains a Haustafel or rule for domestic order, then Romans 13:1-7 might be said to contain the Staatstafel or rule for relationship with civil authorities.

"Let every person be subordinate to the higher authorities, for there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been established by God. Therefore, whoever resists authority opposes what God has appointed, and those who oppose it will bring judgment upon themselves. For rulers are not a cause of fear to good conduct, but to evil. Do you wish to have no fear of authority? Then do what is good and you will receive approval from it, for it is a servant of God for your good. But if you do evil, be afraid, for it does not bear the sword without purpose; it is the servant of God to inflict wrath on the evildoer. Therefore, it is necessary to be subject not only because of the wrath but also because of conscience."

This is a frequent theme in St. Paul.  We find it, for example, as part of his instructions to his friend and fellow bishop, St. Titus. "Remind them [his flock] to be under the control of magistrates and authorities, to be obedient, to be open to every good enterprise." (Tit. 3:1)  He suggests, further, that St. Timothy have his flock offer "prayers, petitions, and thanksgivings . . . for kings and for all in authority." (1 Tim. 2:1-2)

St. Peter likewise stresses obedience to authority.  "Be subject to every human institution for the Lord's sake," St. Peter states in his first epistle, "whether it be to the king as supreme or to governors as sent by him for the punishment of evildoers and the approval of those who do good." (1 Pet. 2:13-14)  He gives a short motto to guide the faithful, clearly adverting to the two kingdoms, the kingdom of God, and the kingdom of Caesar. "Fear God, honor the king." (1 Pet. 2:17)

There is already in germ in the notions of St. Peter and St. Paul, a Christian political philosophy.  Praying for those of authority--even an unfriendly authority--"implicitly indicates what political authority ought ...